William Blake and Bulleh Shah : A Comparative Study of Their Mystical Poetry

In English poetry William Blake emerged as a famous mystic poet having didactic nature while in Punjabi poetry Bulle Shah broke the conventional chains of religious poetry. This article will explore how these two poets penned down their personal views for the readers and to what extent they share similarities and dissimilarities. The research objectives of this study will be to highlight the deviation of mystic poetry from the conventional orthodoxy with special reference to William Blake and Bulle Shah. The study will comprise the selected poems of both the poets and it will aim at to give the comparison and contrast of a few features of both poets. The term ‘mysticism,’ comes from the Greek μυω, meaning “to conceal.” In the Hellenistic world, ‘mystical’ referred to “secret” religious rituals. In early Christianity the term came to refer to “hidden” allegorical interpretations of Scriptures and to hidden presences, such as that of Jesus at the Eucharist. While on the other hand mysticism in Islam started from Arab in the 8th century A.D. This flourished in various Muslim countries and got a specific colour in the sub continent. Both the poets are called the mystic poets. Besides they share many other qualities in body and substance of their poetical works. These elements are the subjects of this research study and will be discussed in details. Keywords: Mystic Poets , Didactic , Conventional Chains , Similarities , Dissimilarities , Deviation , Rituals , Substanc

An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Unemployment in District Peshawar

This paper concentrates on exploring the causes and consequences of unemployment in district Peshawar. Primary data was collected for this purpose. The results show that out of 120 respondents, 32.5% were unemployed due to low education, 15.8% due to having no skills &55were unemployed due to no approach to the concerned authorities. Out of the total respondents65% were unskilled. 73.3% of the respondents had never joined a job and 18.3% left the job due to low salary. 7.5% were unemployed due to completion of business / projects. 100% of the respondents agreed that overpopulation is cause of unemployment. All of 120 respondents agreed with this the fact that unemployment causes suicides and crimes in the society. The causes of highrate of unemployment are lack of education, lack of capital, lack of proper skill, Poverty, and High rate of population growth in Pakistan. It is therefore, recommended on the basis of the study to prepare a proper plan for the provision of proper skills, provision of job opportunities, easy access to credit to motivate people for investment in employment generating activities and eradication of unemployment in the study area

An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Unemployment in District Peshawar

This paper concentrates on exploring the causes and consequences of unemployment in district Peshawar. Primary data was collected for this purpose. The results show that out of 120 respondents, 32.5% were unemployed due to low education, 15.8% due to having no skills &55were unemployed due to no approach to the concerned authorities. Out of the total respondents65% were unskilled. 73.3% of the respondents had never joined a job and 18.3% left the job due to low salary. 7.5% were unemployed due to completion of business / projects. 100% of the respondents agreed that overpopulation is cause of unemployment. All of 120 respondents agreed with this the fact that unemployment causes suicides and crimes in the society. The causes of highrate of unemployment are lack of education, lack of capital, lack of proper skill, Poverty, and High rate of population growth in Pakistan. It is therefore, recommended on the basis of the study to prepare a proper plan for the provision of proper skills, provision of job opportunities, easy access to credit to motivate people for investment in employment generating activities and eradication of unemployment in the study area

Use of Symbols & Classical Allusions in Hamlet

Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers of the world particularly he has no equal in English literature. As a dramatist he has provided the world with the best of material. His plays are read, interpreted and translated in other languages. Samuel Johnson claims that puns are to Shakespeare what “luminous vapours are to the traveller; he follows it at all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, and sure to engulf him in the mire.” Language in literature has always been a very typical way. The writers take help of many things used in figurative language. That is why literary language becomes different from common language. Shakespeare makes use of many rhetorical devices, ranging from the commonplace (metaphor, simile, and so on) to the exotic (polysyndeton—the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases or clauses). An important step, though, is simply being aware that these texts are highly rhetorical, and the rhetoric works both to embellish the text and express characterization. Being a great writer, Shakespeare uses the language which is not easily comprehended by a new reader. Beyond any doubt, his language is aphoristic and full of depth and profoundness. The aim of this study is to point out symbols and classical allusions used in Hamlet but at a limited level. The study will be of assistance for the new readers to understand Hamlet. Keywords: Particular language, pun, rhetorical devices, wordplay, metaphor, embellish, aphoristic, allusions, symbols.

Indoor particulate matter in developing countries: a case study in Pakistan and potential intervention strategies

Around three billion people, largely in low and middle income countries, rely on biomass fuels for their household energy needs. The combustion of these fuels generates a range of hazardous indoor air pollutants and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Worldwide, it is responsible for four million deaths. A reduction in indoor smoke can have a significant impact on lives and can help achieve many of the Millennium Developments Goals. This letter presents details of a seasonal variation in particulate matter (PM) concentrations in kitchens using biomass fuels as a result of relocating the cooking space. During the summer, kitchens were moved outdoors and as a result the 24 h average PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 fell by 35%, 22% and 24% respectively. However, background concentrations of PM10 within the village increased by 62%. In locations where natural gas was the dominant fuel, the PM concentrations within the kitchen as well as outdoors were considerably lower than those in locations using biomass. These results highlights the importance of ventilation and fuel type for PM levels and suggest that an improved design of cooking spaces would result in enhanced indoor air quality. © 2013 IOP Publishing Ltd

Hester Prynne as a Rebel to Puritan Society in Hawthorne’s Romance the Scarlet Letter

’The Scarlet Letter’  by Nathaniel Hawthrone is a classical novel in the 19th century American literature. Although it was written in the 18th century yet the setting is in the 17th century in Boston, America. The novel shows Puritanism’s great impact on people's life and thought. It’s a story of a woman named, Hester Prynne, who is punished for her adulteries with a young priest Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. She also has a daughter but denies disclosing her father’s name. She fights against society system set by the Puritan Regime. She wears the scarlet letter ‘A’ which is a stigma showing her an ‘adulteress’. This paper will give a picture of Hester as a rebel to a rigid Puritan society. It will show how the Puritans were strict in the matters of divinity and did not accept any rule violated. The paper will present the boldness and rebellion of the protagonist against so called established laws which were in fact a kind of ignominy of human beings who committed sins. Keywords: Puritan Society, Strict Laws, Adulteries, Sin, Church, Punishment, Scarlet Letter,Violation, Bold , Rebel, Ignominy

Migration Enhanced Plasma Assisted Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Indium Nitride

The influence of various plasma species on the growth and structural properties of indium nitride in migration-enhanced plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MEPA-MOCVD). The atomic nitrogen ions’ flux has been found to have a significant effect on the growth rate as well as the crystalline quality of indium nitride. No apparent effect of atomic neutrals, molecular ions, and neutral nitrogen molecules has been observed on either the growth rate or crystalline quality. A thermodynamic supersaturation model for plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of InN has also been developed. The model is based on the chemical combination of indium with plasma-generated atomic nitrogen ions. In supersaturation was analyzed for indium nitride films grown by PA-MOCVD with varying input flow of indium precursor. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy provided feedback on structural properties and surface morphology of grown films. We found that InN films grown at widely different growth conditions but with the same supersaturation exhibit similar structural properties and surface morphology. The effect of various growth parameters on the plasma potential has also been discussed. The plasma potential has been found to depend on the concentration of atomic nitrogen ions. The samples grown at increased plasma potential have exhibited better optoelectronic properties than those grown at lower plasma potential

Routine Testing of Liver Function Before and After Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Is It Necessary?

This study suggests that mild to moderate elevation in preoperative liver function tests may not be associated with deleterious effects, and in the absence of clinical indications, routine preoperative or postoperative liver function testing may not be necessary

Understanding the Impact of Safety Climate, Teamwork Climate, and Mindful Organizing on Safety Outcomes at a Large Community Hospital - A Mixed-Methods Study

Aim: The current study examined the impact of staff perceptions of safety climate (i.e., senior and supervisory leadership support for safety), teamwork climate, and mindful organizing on three self-reported measures of safety outcomes (i.e., overall perceptions of patient safety, overall patient safety grade, and turnover intention) at a large community hospital in Southern Ontario. Methods: Survey and interview data were collected from nurses, allied health professionals, and unit clerks working on one of four units: ICU, general medicine, adult mental health, or the ED. In total, 183/247 eligible clinical staff returned a completed survey (response rate = 74%); 4-6 semi-structured interviews were conducted on each unit. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed teamwork climate was significantly associated with all three studys predictor variables while senior leadership was significantly associated with overall perceptions of patient safety and overall patient safety grade. Non-significant associations were found between supervisory leadership, mindful organizing and the three outcome variables. The qualitative findings corroborated the survey results while also providing important insights into why certain statistical relationships were found to be non-significant e.g., interviewees perceived the safety specific responsibilities of frontline supervisors much more broadly compared to the narrower conceptualization of the construct in the survey. In addition, the qualitative findings helped expand the characteristics of the studys key concepts e.g., interviewees highlighted the prevalent negative impact of unit and profession boundaries on teamwork climate. Practice Implications: Healthcare organizations should recruit into leadership roles and retain individuals who prioritize safety and possess adequate relational competencies. Furthermore, it is important to provide on-site workshops on topics (e.g., conflict and stress management) that can strengthen working relationships across professional and unit boundaries. The frontline clinicians would also benefit from on-site clinical training and presence of adequate staffing levels so they can provide high quality patient care. Conclusions: There is increasing empirical evidence regarding the importance of context-specific factors for patient and staff safety, however, certain literature gaps still remain e.g., an over-reliance on non-theory driven quantitative research. The current study has addressed some of these gaps, together with adding to our understanding of how context influences safety